Which describes a way geography influenced the differences among native american ways of life?1/2/2023 ![]() That is, the same values have been grouped together in most countries, resulting in the view that values within a cluster are motivationally compatible. Analyses of these ratings have taught us that the structure of human values is very similar across more than 80 countries ( Schwartz, 1992 Bilsky et al., 2011 Schwartz et al., 2012). In the last three decades, researchers have asked people to rate diverse values in terms of their importance as guiding principles in their lives. Values, abstract guiding principles, have gained a lot of attention, not just within psychology, but also in neighboring fields such as sociology, economics, philosophy, and political science ( Schwartz, 1992 Gouveia, 2013 Maio, 2016). Conceptualizing Values and Value Differences How then is it the case that people from different countries appear to be so different? The present research follows up this train of thought by testing whether people in different nations differ in the behaviors that are seen as typical instantiations (i.e., examples) of values, while holding similar ideas about the abstract meaning of the values and their importance. This feeling is in contrast to large international surveys of human values in which it was found that people from more than 55 nations are consistent in valuing some values more and others less ( Schwartz and Bardi, 2001). For example, a recent Canadian survey found that three quarters of Ontarians feel that Muslim immigrants have fundamentally different values than themselves ( Keung, 2016). This has sparked widespread discussions of how well immigrants are able to acculturate (e.g., The Economist, 2016). ![]() In recent years, many Western countries have accepted once again tens or even hundreds of thousands of immigrants into their country. Together, these results support the hypothesis that people in different nations can differ in the behaviors that are seen as typical as instantiations of values, while holding similar ideas about the abstract meaning of the values and their importance. In Study 2 ( N = 677), we found that participants were able to match instantiations back to the values from which they were derived, even if the behavior instantiations were spontaneously produced only by participants from another country or were created by us. In Study 1 ( N = 630), we found several meaningful between-country differences in the behaviors that were used to concretely instantiate values, alongside high within-country variability. Across three countries (Brazil, India, and the United Kingdom), the present research tested in student samples whether between-nation differences reside more in the behaviors used to concretely instantiate (i.e., exemplify or understand) values than in their importance as abstract ideals. Previous research found that the within-country variability of human values (e.g., equality and helpfulness) clearly outweighs between-country variability. 6Department of Psychology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, India.5Departamento de Psicologia, Universidade Federal da ParaĆba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil.4Department of Psychology, University of Derby, Derby, United Kingdom.3Departamento de Psicologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil.2Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom. ![]()
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